Important Presidential Elections Analysis Essay Example For Students

Significant Presidential Elections Analysis Essay 1812The appointment of 1812 comprised of a fight between James Madison, and DeWitt Clinton. Madison had spoken to both Democratic and Republicanbeliefs, while Clinton was a Federalist. James Madison was conceived in Port Conway, Va., on March 16, 1751. APrinceton graduate, he joined the battle for freedom on his returnto Virginia in 1771. He had been a functioning legislator during the 1770s and1780s. He was incredibly know for supporting the Jefferson change program,and in the Continental Congress. Madison, in cooperation, hadparticipated incredibly in the, Federalist, a paper whos principle design was toratify the constitution. Madison initially became president in 1809, when hebested Charles C. Pickney. He had driven the U.S. in an extremely disagreeable war, inwhich the U.S. hadnt been readied forthe War of 1812. De Witt Clinton was a Federalist, whos principle motivation behind the political decision wasto get the U.S. out of a war where he felt was superfluous. DeWittheld each significant elective office in New York between 1797 and1828assemblyman, representative, chairman of New York City, lieutenant governor,and senator. He was an altruist and benefactor of expressions of the human experience and scienceand, as waterway official, advocated development of the Erie andChamplain channels The technique where these competitors got designation was by theElectoral College, or by King Caucus. The possibility of political conventionshad not been available as of now. There were no outsider up-and-comers inthis political race. The significant issue of this political decision was the War of 1812. The War of 1812, orMr. Madisons War, had been extremely disagreeable among various areas ofAmerica. For the most part the boat proprietors in New England. The war was assumed toprotect. This war should support their transportation, however rather, it hadkept them from exchanging and bringing in cash. The victor of the appointment of 1812 was James Madison. Madison collected128 appointive votes, while Clinton got 89, and the quantity of No VotesCast was 1. The Vice-presidential up-and-comer, who won the political race wasElbridge Gerry, who got 131 appointive votes, while Jared Ingersollreceived 86. There was no record of the quantity of mainstream votes in favor of thiselection. My assessment of why Madison had won the political race is on the grounds that he had driven thecountry into the War of 1812, and in this way, he ought to be permitted to fightit. He was additionally substantially more well known than De Witt Clinton. Madisons part inratifying the Constitution, and his other early deeds, were alsoinfluential on the voters minds. He additionally did truly well during his firstterm. 1844The contender for the appointment of 1844 were James K. Polk, and HenryClay. Two truly decent men, who had incredible designs for the U.S. Polkrepresented the Democratic party, while Clay spoke to the Whigs. James Knox Polk was conceived in Mecklenburg County, N.C., on November 2, 1795. He moved on from the University of North Carolina, from which he thenmoved to Tennessee, where he got conspicuous in state legislative issues. He waselected to the place of delegates in 1825. He was chosen Speaker ofthe House in 1835. After four years, he was chosen legislative leader of Tennessee,but was beaten in goes after for re-appointment in 1841, and 1843. Martin VanBuren, the president preceding the 1844 political decision, relied on Polk as hisrunning mate; however when Van Burens remain on Texas estranged Southernsupport, the show swung to Polk on the Ninth polling form. Henry Clay, a key figure in U.S. governmental issues during the primary portion of the19th century, was an ace of the specialty of political trade off. Conceived inHanover County, Va., on April 12, 1777, he considered law in Richmond andmoved to the boondocks territory of Kentucky in 1797. Earth turned out to be more and moreimportant in Kentucky legislative issues, turning out to be speaker of the state get together in1807, and winning political race to the U.S. Place of Representatives in 1811. Earth made his first pursue the administration in 1824. Four men ran,including Andrew Jackson, were on the polling form. At the point when no up-and-comer won amajority, Clay tossed his help to John Quincy Adams. Adams won andpromptly named Clay his secretary of state. The gathering individuals won their application by essential. The significant bombshell of thistime occurred during the Democratic show. Everybody expected VanBuren to be named the Democratic competitor, but since of Van Buren sstand on Texas, the assignment went to Polk. This political decision hosted nothird-get-together up-and-comers. The significant issue of this political decision was the issue of Texas. Polk and theDemocrats, needed Texas in the Union. Mud additionally needed Texas, however he wasafraid that the obtaining of Texas would prompt war with Mexico. Claynever made it understood exactly where the Whig party stood. The Oregon territoryhad likewise been a major piece of this political decision. Oregon was the name given toall the land among Alaska and California, west of the Rocky Mountains. Both Great Britain and the U.S. guaranteed it. Polk said that the Oregonterritory would be Americas, regardless of whether it prompted war. The victor of the political decision was James K. Polk. He pulled in 170 electoralvotes, while Henry Clay got 105. There is no record of the number ofpopular votes in favor of this political race. My assessment of why Polk won this political race is a result of his remain ashore. He accepted extraordinarily in Manifest Destiny, and this was famous at thetime. Dirt, and the Whig party never made it understood with regards to where they stoodon Texas. Maybe if the voters had known without a doubt on which side of theline they stood, this political decision may have had an alternate result. 1912The appointment of 1912 was a three-man race between Theodore Roosevelt, whowas a Progressive, William H. Taft, a Republican, and Woodrow Wilson, aDemocrat. Every one had their own thoughts on the most proficient method to change America, however onlyone would get an opportunity to do as such. Conceived in NYC on October in 1858, Theodore Roosevelt was a Harvard graduate. His inclinations included farming, legislative issues, and composing. Roosevelt was aRepublican individual from the New York get together from 1882-1884. He was anunsuccessful possibility for city hall leader of NYC in 1886, however became policecommissioner of NYC in 1895. Roosevelt expected the activity of president in1901, after the death of McKinley. Theodore Roosevelt embarkedmainly on moderating regular assets. He was very anit-large buisness. After his term was up, he was crushed in presidential essential as aRepublican, so he decided to begin his own gathering, known as theProgressives. Teddy pulled the vast majority of the votes in appointment of 1912, butthe split among him and Taft made Wilson become president. regular EssayWhy F.D.R. won the political decision as I would like to think is on the grounds that he was a greatpresident. The American individuals adored him, and his style of government. Hegained the trust of the American individuals, by getting them out of the GreatDepression. That is the reason he was chosen for the administration more than anyother president before his time. 1964The appointment of 1964 was a challenge between Lyndon B. Johnson, a Democrat,and Barry M. Goldwater, a Republican. Johnson was conceived on August 27, 1908, close to Johnson City, Texas, the eldestson of Sam Early Johnson, Jr., and Rebekah Baines Johnson. Johnsonattended government funded schools in Johnson City and got a B.S. degree fromSouthwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. He at that point instructed for ayear in Houston before going to Washington in 1931 as secretary to aDemocratic Texas congressman, Richard M. Kleberg. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt was chosen President. Johnson enormously appreciated the president,who named him, at age 27, to head the National Youth Administration inTexas. In 1937, Johnson looked for and won a Texas seat in Congress, where hemastered open works, recovery, and open force programs. When warcame to Europe he sponsored Roosevelts endeavors to help the Allies. DuringWorld War II he served a concise voyage through deployment ready with the U.S. Naval force inthe Pacific, yet came back to Capitol Hill when Roosevelt reviewed membersof Congress from deployment ready. Johnson kept on supporting Rooseveltsmilitary and international strategy programs.In 1953 he won the activity of SenateDemocratic pioneer. The following year he was effortlessly reappointed as congressperson andreturned to Washington as larger part pioneer, a post he held for the following 6years regardless of a genuine coronary failure in 1955. Barry Morris Goldwater, conceived in Phoenix, Arizona on January 1, 1909, wasthe ineffective Republican presidential applicant in 1964. Goldwater waselected to the Senate from Arizona in 1952. A firm moderate, he becamea representative for traditional Republicans in their battle against biggovernment, upholding rather more prominent state and neighborhood powers. Hevigorously contradicted government assistance allocations as communist and soughtto check open responsibility for. A solid enemy of Communist, Goldwatersupported American military intercession in Vietnam and censured effortsto accomplish tranquility with the USSR. He was definitively crushed by LyndonJohnson in the 1964 presidential political race. Goldwater served in the Senateuntil retirement in 1987. Every competitor won his assignment by a Presidential Convention, with theprocess of essential races. There were no outsider applicants in thiselection. The principle issue of this political race was social liberties. Numerous individuals opposedLyndon B. Johnsons laws, guaranteeing them to be too professional dark. Manyliberals and blacks themselves accepted that the laws didnt go far enough. Race riots broke out in various urban communities as a result of these contentions. The victor of the political race was Johnson, by a surprising margin. He got apopular vote aggregate of 43,129,484, and an appointive vote aggregate of 486. Goldwater, then again, won a famous vote aggregate of 27,178,188, andan discretionary vote aggregate of 52. The explanation Johnson won the appointment of 1964, as I would like to think is on the grounds that ofhis earlier term. He had the option to recapture control of the White House, aftertaking over for the killed John F. Kennedy. It was a period ofequality and social liberties, and numerous individuals preferred and concurred with where hestood on these issues. 1988The appointment of 1988 was a challenge between George Bush, and MichaelDuk

What Is Premarital Sex Essay Example For Students

What Is Premarital Sex Essay During the twentieth century, pre-marriage sex has become a significant issue. Sexual restraint was the typical society way of life until the late 1950s. Most people would not have ever laid down with someone else without any father present. While this sexual forbearance way of life was as a result, an attitude of freedom struck the youth of the United States. They felt as if they should participate in sexual movement, just to resist societys perspective on what was ethically right. The explanation sexual restraint is an issue today is on the grounds that numerous individuals guarantee pre-marriage sex isn't right. Individuals base their suppositions on what the Bible has said. At the point when the Bible is utilized to legitimize any methods for conduct, it normally turns into an ethical issue. The primary issue close by is whether pre-marriage sex is delegated ethically right or wrong. The Catholic Church asserts that pre-marriage sex isn't right and corrupt. Not exclusively does t he Catholic Church accept this, so does almost every other Christian confidence. In numerous different nations, pre-marriage sex isn't as colossal of an issue all things considered here in the US. The reason for this is uncertain, however religion and culture appear to play into it to a great extent. During the 1990s, the educating of restraint is starting to be executed into the government funded educational systems. The energy for the simply state no methodology started with the G.O.P. Government assistance Reform Act, known as Title V. It appropriates fifty million dollars every year for a long time to programs that educate teenagers to remain abstinent until marriage. Since the measure produced results two years back, forty-eight states have chosen to take part. Of these forty-eight states, five states have gone above and beyond, necessitating that forbearance be the main projects instructed. California and New Hampshire are the main two expresses that have restored their govern ment awards, since they would pass on this program. A few schools in Minnesota have a double track sex training program. It is dependent upon the guardians to choose what they might want their kids to examine. There is a great deal of discussion about these projects on the grounds that the issue of sexual forbearance is so dubious. Debra Hauser, Vice President of Advocates for Youth in Washington says, in the last couple years weve seen a tremendous increment in the quantity of government funded schools that are limiting the sum and sort of data educators can give in the study hall. (Gardner, Christian Science Monitor, p. B1) School nurture Esther Splaine contends, Every year, twelve million American adolescents are explicitly dynamic. About one million adolescents become pregnant, and 3,000,000 agreement an explicitly transmitted infection. On through restraint will youngsters dodge these and different issues identified with too soon sex. (Nursery worker, Christian Science Monitor, p. B1) The biggest obstruction of this issue is that there is no agreement on the idea of the emergency. What's more, there isn't a powerful answer for facilitating the predicament. While there are numerous projects, other than schools, that help this thought of forbearance just educating, there are similarly the same number of that are restricted. Most general wellbeing specialists have worry that these restraint no one but projects could fix years worth of progress in training concerning safe sex. Of the five expresses that hold the forbearance just strategy, contemplates have demonstrated that there was not a postponement in the beginning of sex. In another eleven investigations, results show that programs that joined forbearance and preventative projects either postponed adolescent sexual movement, or diminished its recurrence. In another study directed by Eric Tooley, of the 200 members in their second year of forbearance just classes, 60% have just lost their virginity, and ten of the young ladies are pregnant. (Morse; Hylton, Time, p. 79) This demonstrates the projects should be refined so as to be compelling. With new projects, for example, these, it is incredibly hard to instate them such that it benefits everybody. The Catholic Church feels just as it is ideal to spare sex until marriage. Numerous catholic chiefs anticipated the threat of easygoing sex, particularly with undergrads. Pope John Paul II regularly stands up on the injuries that outcome from pre-marriage sex. As expressed in Crisis magazine the Pope claims, one of the results of expelling human sexuality from the setting of wedded love is a depersonalization of the human body. The body turns out to be just an article for use, while the more extensive and more profound necessities of human poise and joy are disregarded. (Desmond, Crisis, p. 12) As the Pope keeps on lecturing these useful tidbits a lion's share of the admonitions go unnoticed, in colleges and secondary schools the same. The Catholic Church sees examine done, and utilizes it to clarify what has turned out badly. Numerous specialists state that youngster sex is at a high because of what the media and busi ness world put out. In numerous youngster magazines, there are answers to practically any teenagers sexual inquiry. They utilize these magazines to help make sense of the specialized necessities of sexual intrigue and execution. The congregation additionally accepts that family breakdown, the pill, and a neo-Enlightenment confidence in the characteristic decency of youngsters debilitated parental purpose to transmit virtues. These are not by any means the only reasons the congregation doesn't approve sex before marriage. Numerous ministers and priests seek the Bible for the appropriate responses with regards to why one ought to swear off pre-marriage sex. The Bible says in Acts 15:29 to the Gentiles, You are to go without the meat of choked creatures and from extramarital perversion. You will progress nicely on the off chance that you maintain a strategic distance from these things. In Hebrews 13:4 it states, Marriage ought to be regarded by all, and the marriage bed kept unadultera ted, for God will pass judgment on the philanderer and all the explicitly immoral.Not just does the holy book discuss remaining unadulterated in the New Testament, it is likewise talked about in the Old Testament, or the Hebrew Bible. In Genesis 2:24 it is expressed, For this explanation a man will leave his dad and mom and be joined to his significant other and they will become one substance. The possibility of one tissue is the bond between a man and his significant other and the profound and sexual bond that is shaped. From these one can evaluate that one ought to stay unadulterated. The genuine feeling of the word unadulterated as characterized by Zondervan Study Bible may be, to be liberated from all corrupt of that which is lecherous. Contemporary lessons state that it is good for submitted people to take an interest in sexual closeness, regardless of whether they are not hitched. This thought is in opposition to Gods lessons in the Bible. The Bible cases many occasions over t hat God restricts sexual relations with any individual who is certifiably not a legitimate life partner. The Protestant Church centers around these issues as the reasons not to take part in sexual action before marriage. There are numerous different countries that utilization different sources to characterize their terms of sexual ethical quality, or need there of. In an investigation done by the Journal of Sex Research a sum of 33,590 reactions were utilized to ascertain the mentality toward non-conjugal and high schooler sex issues. The investigation found that pre-marriage sex is the most acknowledged of the four sorts of non-conjugal sex. About sixty-one percent of the twenty-four nations reviewed guarantee that pre-marriage sex is right. Forty-four percent of the Japanese case that pre-marriage sex isn't right just some of the time, contrasted with the mean of fifteen percent over all the nations. In a large portion of the nations considered, the acknowledgment of pre-marriage sex is more acknowledged with grown-ups instead of adolescents. Fifty-eight percent censure youthful adolescents engaging in sexual relations as never right. Bulgaria, New Zealand, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Philippines, Poland, and the US present the least resistance for pre-marriage high schooler sex. Of these Nations, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Poland and the US, show a solid objection for a wide range of non-conjugal sex. These nations are on the whole predominately Christian. Sweden is the nation that is by all accounts the most tolerating to pre-marriage sex. As one ganders at the aftereffect of the survey, it is conceivable to see the acknowledgment of this issue. Commonly pre-marriage sex is additionally utilized as an approach to claim ones love for another. Love on an amazingly private level. Typically when an individual gets explicitly included, sex starts to be the principle focal point of the relationship. When there isn't the obligation of lifetime responsibility that marriage brings, it is anything but difficult to leave the relationship and search for sexual fulfillment somewhere else. love isn't deciphered as a minor epiphenomenon of sexual drives and impulses in the feeling of an alleged sublimation. Love is as essential a marvel as sex. Ordinarily , sex is a method of articulation for adoration. Sex is supported, even blessed, when, yet just as long as, it is a vehicle of adoration. Subsequently love isn't comprehended as a simple reaction of sex; rather sex is a method of communicating the experience of that extreme fellowship which is called love (Frankl, 1959, p. 134)This statement originates from Victor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning. It clarifies the explanation individuals should hold up until marriage, without referencing pre-marriage sex. The possibility of extreme fellowship ought to be one that is bound with extreme love. In the event that one loves another to such an incredible degree, at that point there would be no strain to take part in sexual action. Love so frequently is by all accounts the motivation to partake in sexual acts yet, love ought to do the higher useful for another. Participating in sex before marriage is in reality not doing the higher useful for another. There is a lot of a passionate and physical connection for it to be the higher acceptable. Love is additionally 100 percent giving; it ought to never be the necessary chore. At the point when the Greeks characterized love, they arranged it into three levels: Eros, Filia, and Agape. Eros is sexual love and furthermore the least degree of affection. Indeed, even to the Greeks Eros was not implied as adoration with numerous accomplices. It was implied as a restrictive love. As it ought to be, love should consistently be a restrictive responsibility. At the point when sexuality is shared, there are likewise results. The principle results are that the individual will be set hig

History and Medication Timeline of ADHD

History and Medication Timeline of ADHD ADHD Print History and Medication Timeline of ADHD By Vincent Iannelli, MD facebook Vincent Iannelli, MD, is a board-certified pediatrician and fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Iannelli has cared for children for more than 20 years. Learn about our editorial policy Vincent Iannelli, MD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on February 20, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Niedring/Drentwett / Getty Images While ADHD wasnt always recognized, diagnosed, or treated as much as it is now, doctors have actually known about ADHD for some time. Previous Names for ADHD They didnt always call it ADHD, though, and used terms like: Brain-injuredBrain-damaged childHyperkinetic impulse disorderHyperexcitability syndromeClumsy child syndromeHyperactive child syndromeHyperkinetic reaction of childhoodMinimal brain dysfunctionOrganic brain diseaseNervous childAttention deficit disorder Even now, there is confusion about whether to call it ADD or ADHD. History of ADHD The earliest references to an ADHD-like disorder date back to the late-18th century and Sir Alexander Crichton.?? Some even try to say that many famous people and historical figures could have had ADHD, such as Mozart, Leonardo da Vinci, or Ben Franklin. Work on ADHD is more often thought to begin in the early 20th century, though: The first descriptions of children with ADHD symptoms are made as early as 1902 by Sir George Frederick Still and were thought to have a defect of moral control??In 1908, Alfred F. Tredgold describes high-grade feeble-minded children who likely had a form of mild brain damage that caused them to have ADHD-like anti-school behaviorA study is published describing the use of Benzedrine (racemic amphetamine) in children with behavior problems in 1937 by Dr. Charles Bradley, who accidentally learned about the benefits of benzedrine when giving the medication to help kids who had severe headaches, but noticed it instead helped their behavior and school performance??The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952 and includes no mention of an ADHD-like disorderHerbert Freed and Charles Peifer study the use of Thorazine (chlorpromazine) on hyperkinetic emotionally disturbed children in 195 6??Hyperkinetic impulse disorder is first used to describe children with ADHD symptoms in 1957C. Keith Conners publishes a study on the effects of Ritalin (methylphenidate) in emotionally disturbed children in 1963??In 1966, minimal brain dysfunction syndrome becomes a popular term to describe kids with various combinations of impairment in perception, conceptualization, language, memory, and control of attention, impulse, or motor functionIn 1967 and 1968, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) gives a number of grants to researchers to study the effectiveness of stimulants for children with ADHD symptomsThe second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II) is published by the APA in 1968 and includes the disorders hyperkinetic reaction of childhood or adolescence and organic brain syndromeThe first Conners Rating Scale is published by C. Keith Conners in 1969, which eventually leads to revised editions of the Conners Rating Scales for par ents and teachersIn 1970, the Washington Post published a story describing how 5 to 10 percent of all school children in Omaha, Nebraska were receiving stimulants, like Ritalin, to control their behavior, even though the statistics only referred to kids in special-ed programs. The story creates controversy around the diagnosis of ADHD and the use of stimulants, especially since it implies that many parents are coerced into medicating their kidsThe Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 make stimulants, such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), Schedule III medications and then Schedule II medications in 1971??Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 can allow students with ADHD who qualify to get additional help and services at school to help them succeedAn anti-Ritalin movement greatly expands in 1975 as several books are published to help reinforce the belief that ADHD isnt a real diagnosis, was created by drug companies to make money, or that hyperactivity is c aused by food allergies and food additives, etc.The AAP publishes their first statement about ADHD, Medication for Hyperkinetic Children, which says that in addition to consideration of nondrug therapy in situations where such an approach is appropriate, that there is a place for stimulant drugs in the treatment of hyperkinetic childrenThe third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) is published by the APA in 1980 and includes Attention Deficit Disorder for the first time, including the subtypes ADD with hyperactivity, ADD without hyperactivity, and ADD residual typeDr. Russell A. Barkley writes his first of 17 books about ADHD in 1981 - Hyperactive children: A handbook for diagnosis and treatmentThe DSM-III-R (revised edition), published in 1987, again changes the name, this time to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but doesnt include any subtypesA 1987 report from the AAP, Medication for Children With an Attention Deficit Dis order, offers indications for drug therapy in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, such as Ritalin, Dexedrine, Cylert, and other potentially useful drugs, including tricyclic antidepressantsDr. Barkley begins publishing The ADHD Report newsletter in 1993The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) is published by the APA in 2000 and describes three types of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including ADHD, Combined Type, ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type, and ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive TypeJoseph Biederman publishes one of the first of hundreds of medical studies about children with ADHD in 1995An updated AAP report, Medication for Children With Attention Disorders, published in 1996, stresses that drug therapy should be combined with appropriate management of the childs environment and curriculumThe 2000 Clinical Practice Guideline: Diagnosis and Evaluation of the Child With Attention-Deficit/Hy peractivity Disorder from the AAP offer clear guidance for pediatricians and parents on the assessment and treatment of kids with ADHDStrattera, the first non-stimulant treatment for ADHD, is approved in 2002Warning labels on ADHD medications are updated in 2007 to include warnings about the possibility of cardiovascular risks (sudden death in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems) and risks of adverse psychiatric symptoms (hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania) ADHD Medication Timeline Dr. Bradleys studies on the use of Benzedrine was once thought of as heralding the modern era of ADHD treatment, but that role has likely now passed to the newer, once-a-day ADHD medications that most kids take. Although it seems like a lot of different  ADHD medications  have been developed over the years, especially in the last ten years, most of them use same basic active ingredients (methylphenidate and amphetamine/dextroamphetamine) that have been used since the earliest days of ADHD research. 1937 - Benzedrine (racemic amphetamine)1943 - Desoxyn (methamphetamine hydrochloride)1955 - Ritalin (methylphenidate)1955-1983 - Biphetamine (mixed amphetamine/dextroamphetamine resin)1960 - Adderall (mixed amphetamine/dextroamphetamine salts)1975-2003 - Cylert (pemoline)1976 - Dextrostat (dextroamphetamine)1976 - Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine)1982 - Ritalin SR1999 - Metadate ER (methylphenidate)2000 -  Concerta  (methylphenidate)2000 - Methylin ER (methylphenidate)2001 - Metadate CD (methylphenidate)2001 - Focalin (dexmethylphenidate)2001 -  Adderall XR  (mixed amphetamine salts)2002 - Ritalin LA2002 - Methylin (methylphenidate) oral solution and chewable tablet2002 - Strattera (atomoxetine)2005 -  Focalin XR  (dexmethylphenidate)2006 -  Daytrana  (methylphenidate patch)2007 -  Vyvanse  (lisdexamfetamine  dimesylate)2008 - Procentra (liquid dextroamphetamine)2009 -  Intuniv  (guanfacine hydrochloride)2010 - Kapvay (clonidine  hydrochloride)2012 - Quillivant XR (liquid methylphenidate )2016 -  Adzenys  XR-ODT (amphetamine oral disintegrating tablet)2016 - Quillichew ER (chewable methylphenidate) Many of these ADHD medications, even the extended release versions, are now available as  generics.

History and Medication Timeline of ADHD

History and Medication Timeline of ADHD ADHD Print History and Medication Timeline of ADHD By Vincent Iannelli, MD facebook Vincent Iannelli, MD, is a board-certified pediatrician and fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Iannelli has cared for children for more than 20 years. Learn about our editorial policy Vincent Iannelli, MD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on February 20, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Niedring/Drentwett / Getty Images While ADHD wasnt always recognized, diagnosed, or treated as much as it is now, doctors have actually known about ADHD for some time. Previous Names for ADHD They didnt always call it ADHD, though, and used terms like: Brain-injuredBrain-damaged childHyperkinetic impulse disorderHyperexcitability syndromeClumsy child syndromeHyperactive child syndromeHyperkinetic reaction of childhoodMinimal brain dysfunctionOrganic brain diseaseNervous childAttention deficit disorder Even now, there is confusion about whether to call it ADD or ADHD. History of ADHD The earliest references to an ADHD-like disorder date back to the late-18th century and Sir Alexander Crichton.?? Some even try to say that many famous people and historical figures could have had ADHD, such as Mozart, Leonardo da Vinci, or Ben Franklin. Work on ADHD is more often thought to begin in the early 20th century, though: The first descriptions of children with ADHD symptoms are made as early as 1902 by Sir George Frederick Still and were thought to have a defect of moral control??In 1908, Alfred F. Tredgold describes high-grade feeble-minded children who likely had a form of mild brain damage that caused them to have ADHD-like anti-school behaviorA study is published describing the use of Benzedrine (racemic amphetamine) in children with behavior problems in 1937 by Dr. Charles Bradley, who accidentally learned about the benefits of benzedrine when giving the medication to help kids who had severe headaches, but noticed it instead helped their behavior and school performance??The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952 and includes no mention of an ADHD-like disorderHerbert Freed and Charles Peifer study the use of Thorazine (chlorpromazine) on hyperkinetic emotionally disturbed children in 195 6??Hyperkinetic impulse disorder is first used to describe children with ADHD symptoms in 1957C. Keith Conners publishes a study on the effects of Ritalin (methylphenidate) in emotionally disturbed children in 1963??In 1966, minimal brain dysfunction syndrome becomes a popular term to describe kids with various combinations of impairment in perception, conceptualization, language, memory, and control of attention, impulse, or motor functionIn 1967 and 1968, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) gives a number of grants to researchers to study the effectiveness of stimulants for children with ADHD symptomsThe second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II) is published by the APA in 1968 and includes the disorders hyperkinetic reaction of childhood or adolescence and organic brain syndromeThe first Conners Rating Scale is published by C. Keith Conners in 1969, which eventually leads to revised editions of the Conners Rating Scales for par ents and teachersIn 1970, the Washington Post published a story describing how 5 to 10 percent of all school children in Omaha, Nebraska were receiving stimulants, like Ritalin, to control their behavior, even though the statistics only referred to kids in special-ed programs. The story creates controversy around the diagnosis of ADHD and the use of stimulants, especially since it implies that many parents are coerced into medicating their kidsThe Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 make stimulants, such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), Schedule III medications and then Schedule II medications in 1971??Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 can allow students with ADHD who qualify to get additional help and services at school to help them succeedAn anti-Ritalin movement greatly expands in 1975 as several books are published to help reinforce the belief that ADHD isnt a real diagnosis, was created by drug companies to make money, or that hyperactivity is c aused by food allergies and food additives, etc.The AAP publishes their first statement about ADHD, Medication for Hyperkinetic Children, which says that in addition to consideration of nondrug therapy in situations where such an approach is appropriate, that there is a place for stimulant drugs in the treatment of hyperkinetic childrenThe third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) is published by the APA in 1980 and includes Attention Deficit Disorder for the first time, including the subtypes ADD with hyperactivity, ADD without hyperactivity, and ADD residual typeDr. Russell A. Barkley writes his first of 17 books about ADHD in 1981 - Hyperactive children: A handbook for diagnosis and treatmentThe DSM-III-R (revised edition), published in 1987, again changes the name, this time to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but doesnt include any subtypesA 1987 report from the AAP, Medication for Children With an Attention Deficit Dis order, offers indications for drug therapy in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, such as Ritalin, Dexedrine, Cylert, and other potentially useful drugs, including tricyclic antidepressantsDr. Barkley begins publishing The ADHD Report newsletter in 1993The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) is published by the APA in 2000 and describes three types of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including ADHD, Combined Type, ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type, and ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive TypeJoseph Biederman publishes one of the first of hundreds of medical studies about children with ADHD in 1995An updated AAP report, Medication for Children With Attention Disorders, published in 1996, stresses that drug therapy should be combined with appropriate management of the childs environment and curriculumThe 2000 Clinical Practice Guideline: Diagnosis and Evaluation of the Child With Attention-Deficit/Hy peractivity Disorder from the AAP offer clear guidance for pediatricians and parents on the assessment and treatment of kids with ADHDStrattera, the first non-stimulant treatment for ADHD, is approved in 2002Warning labels on ADHD medications are updated in 2007 to include warnings about the possibility of cardiovascular risks (sudden death in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems) and risks of adverse psychiatric symptoms (hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania) ADHD Medication Timeline Dr. Bradleys studies on the use of Benzedrine was once thought of as heralding the modern era of ADHD treatment, but that role has likely now passed to the newer, once-a-day ADHD medications that most kids take. Although it seems like a lot of different  ADHD medications  have been developed over the years, especially in the last ten years, most of them use same basic active ingredients (methylphenidate and amphetamine/dextroamphetamine) that have been used since the earliest days of ADHD research. 1937 - Benzedrine (racemic amphetamine)1943 - Desoxyn (methamphetamine hydrochloride)1955 - Ritalin (methylphenidate)1955-1983 - Biphetamine (mixed amphetamine/dextroamphetamine resin)1960 - Adderall (mixed amphetamine/dextroamphetamine salts)1975-2003 - Cylert (pemoline)1976 - Dextrostat (dextroamphetamine)1976 - Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine)1982 - Ritalin SR1999 - Metadate ER (methylphenidate)2000 -  Concerta  (methylphenidate)2000 - Methylin ER (methylphenidate)2001 - Metadate CD (methylphenidate)2001 - Focalin (dexmethylphenidate)2001 -  Adderall XR  (mixed amphetamine salts)2002 - Ritalin LA2002 - Methylin (methylphenidate) oral solution and chewable tablet2002 - Strattera (atomoxetine)2005 -  Focalin XR  (dexmethylphenidate)2006 -  Daytrana  (methylphenidate patch)2007 -  Vyvanse  (lisdexamfetamine  dimesylate)2008 - Procentra (liquid dextroamphetamine)2009 -  Intuniv  (guanfacine hydrochloride)2010 - Kapvay (clonidine  hydrochloride)2012 - Quillivant XR (liquid methylphenidate )2016 -  Adzenys  XR-ODT (amphetamine oral disintegrating tablet)2016 - Quillichew ER (chewable methylphenidate) Many of these ADHD medications, even the extended release versions, are now available as  generics.

The Rise Of Christianity During The Roman Empire - 2111 Words

The rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire, was by far not a simple one. The Roman Empire was generally quite tolerant in the treatment of other religions. So why did they persecute the Christians, and how did this all begin? These persecutions mainly started in 64 A.D when a great fire broke out under the rule of Emperor Nero. In order to deflect the public s opinion on him, he blamed the Christians and this blame then allowed, and paved way for the aggressive persecutions of Christians in the Roman Empire for the next two centuries. After Nero, the first imperial persecutor, then comes in the age of Trajan (98-117 A.D.). After receiving a letter from Pliny the Younger, the governor of Bithynia in the north of Asia Minor, to the Emperor Trajan, tells us about the view and executions of Christians in his province. This primary source holds to be very valuable when researching the relationship the Pagan Romans had with the Christians. All throughout the history of the Roman Empire, Christians have been persecuted and treated terribly due to the view of them as mysterious or â€Å"unknown†. The view of the Christians was mainly due to the ethnocentrism that went on in Rome during this time. Persecution was inevitable for these Christians and went on for centuries. The accusations they received were that they were atheists, cannibals, practiced incest, and all together these accusations showed how misunderstood the Christians really were. As a result of Trajan’s laws on theShow MoreRelatedThe Rise And Fall Of Empires1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthesis that the rise and fall of empires was due to tolerance, inclusion, difference, and diversity is shown to be true of the Roman Empire because of the way that tolerance allowed and caused the empire to rise, enter its golden age, and fall. The Roman Empire was a â€Å"hyperpower† that lasted from 44 BCE to 476 CE. 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The Eastern Roman Empire showed how oneRead MoreThe Rise of Christianity vs. the Rise of Islam740 Words   |  3 PagesThe Rise of Christianity vs. the Rise of Islam The rise of Christianity and Islam happened during a turbulent time in history, when major civilizations like the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire were in decline due to political infighting, disease, and outside barbarians constantly applying pressure. Christianity was adopted in the heart of the Roman Empire, as a way to continue the influence of Rome, while not being able to control all of Europe militarily. (Rise of Christianity, 2012) ThereforeRead MoreThe Rise Of The Middle Ages Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesAugustulus all the way to the rise of the Carolingian empire. I would argue the characteristics of the middle ages include a real shift in culture and religion, while seeing the dominant influence that Christianity had on culture. 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Christianity emphasized the personal relationship between God and people, slowly spread through the Roman Empire until ultimately dominating the western culture. Three of the several factors that aided to the growth of Christianity in theRead MoreThe Spread Of Christianity And Western Europe1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe spread of Christianity in Western Europe was both similar and different to the spread of Islam. The rise of Islam starts with the Prophet Muhammad, believed by Muslims (followers of Islam) to be the last in a line of prophets that includes Moses and Jesus. Because Muhammad was the chosen one to be the messenger of the word of God, Muslims from all around the world work to follow the example he set. For Muslims after the Qur an (their bible), the say ings and teachings of Muhammad and the descriptionsRead MoreRise Of Christianity : Christianity1456 Words   |  6 PagesRise of Christianity Essay Christianity is one of the largest religions in the world. With 2.2 billion adherents, it ranks above Islam, Atheists, and Hinduism. So why is this religion so well known? How did it get where it is today? Where did it start? It started with Jesus of Nazareth who was born in Bethlehem, the Messiah to the Jewish people, and crucified by the Romans. His life, works, death, and resurrection is what started Christianity. But that wasn’t the end of it. Christians would faceRead MoreThe Edict Of Milan. Kincade Hughes1264 Words   |  6 PagesEastern part of the Roman Empire met and made a decision that would change the faith of western Religion. In Milan, a city in northern Italy, they agreed on a statement that was later published as a letter and became known as the Edict of Milan. This letter was the turning point for Christianity and a key event for its rise to becoming the leading western Religion. This essay analyzes the events that led to the Edict of Milan and the impact it had on Christians in the Roman Empire, namely the legal

Organ Selling And An Elderly Man Sits Patiently - 1531 Words

Organ Selling Peering into the window of Da Vita dialysis, an elderly man sits patiently. His patience is not from the fact that he has no place to go afterwards; his schedule was clear. His patience came from the fact that he can bare the wait in the room, because he knows down the hall the nurse will be re-puncturing his forearm to administer the hemodialysis. It was his third time coming in this week, which meant he wouldn t be back until next week. Of course, when he looks at the bruising on his arm, it s not next week but yet just couple of days of freedom. His name is called, and he gets up. It will be 4 hours of hemodialysis before he is released. The release is of course temporary as he must return for dialysis in due time. Only one thing can truly free him. In a nearby hospital, a woman sits in her bed waiting on the results of the many scans and tests the doctors had just ran on her. She was just admitted into the hospital not too long ago, having being found unconscious. Her sister sits next to her holding her hand, waiting as well. The doctors enter the room and give the news that both her kidneys have failed and she needs a transplant urgently as pancreas has deteriorate as well. Humans need solely one kidney to survive, thus her sister asks to donate part of hers to the cause. After running test on the sisters, they learn that there s no match. The woman is put on the list. The lives of both the woman and the elderly man rests at the will of a waitingShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesdry and rather remote concepts into practical reality, and lead to lively class discussions, and even debates. In the gentle environment of the classroom, students can hone their analytical skills and also their persuasive skills—not selling products but selling their ideas—and defend them against critical scrutiny. This is great practice for the arena of business to come. NEW TO THIS EDITION In contrast to the early editions, which examined only notable mistakes, and based on your favorableRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesset of prescriptions for how to be successful in business, or in life. Many of these books have made it to the best-seller lists and have enjoyed lengthy stays. Our intention in this book is not to try to duplicate the popular appeal of the best-selling books nor to utilize the common formula of recounting anecdotal incidents of successful organizations and well-known managers. We have produced a book that remains true to, and is based on, social science and business research. We want to share with

Teacher Training Of Assistive Instructional Technology

Teacher training in assistive instructional technology (AIT) has been a topic of discussion that has heightened with the drive for differentiated instruction. Although, research has been extensively conducted on pre-service training, not much research has indicated the success of teacher training in assistive instructional technology for in-service experienced teachers (Edyburn, 2014). In an attempt to advance the science in the field of leadership and educational administration in relationship to teacher training and professional development for teachers of students with learning disabilities in the all-inclusive classroom, the research topic the perceptions of experienced regular education English teachers, concerning teacher training in assistive instructional technology in the all-inclusive classroom was developed. This paper will address, the leader of the school’s responsibility to provide teacher training in assistive instructional technology, the inclusion of instructi onal program and curriculum, that reflect the universal design for learning (UDL) and discussions on the benefit of these programs for teacher efficacy, special education student academic growth, and ethical and moral considerations. Literature Review and Application Data retrieved from the Maryland State Department of Education (2012) indicates that the students with individual education plans continue to perform significantly lower than the regular education students in the all inclusiveShow MoreRelatedResearch Based Teaching Strategies Educators Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude vision training, support strategies, functional vision training, and orientation and mobility training (Westling Fox, 2009). 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Sample Essay on the Effectiveness of e-campaigning

Question: How effective is e-campaigning in elections? There are numerous writings related to use of e-campaigning in the political area, utilization of ICT (information and communication technology) mainly to influence or mobilize the interests of individuals. Earlier research elated to internet in political campaign was noticeable by the idealism and disillusionment troughs. Various research related to the enhancements of the politics brought the election centers and the political campaign to revolve around three main areas; Firstly, the citizens can have access to better information about the democracy process through the use of Internet, which provides various data and resources at anytime from any part of the world. Second, the parties and the candidate have the ability to develop good relationship in a low-cost manner and also efficiently and effectively organize them to participate in the campaign. Third, through the use of internet the potential people can conduct debate on various political issues that can become the agenda of t he campaign. This essay will demonstrate the role of internet in the e-campaigning in elections. E-campaigns results into changes in the quality of elections. As opposed to getting constrained furthermore general data on political choices, subjects can be given itemized information, preparatory reports, master exhortation, and can analyze issues in more prominent profundity. In the same route, as opposed to getting edited compositions of legislators' announcements or political stages, subjects can get the full content and, hence, have superior information of what government officials truly propose. Besides, nationals can be dynamic, rather than aloof beneficiaries of news from a predetermined number of sources. Subjects can earnestly inquiry out the data they need, look at sources, and search for option sees. Then again, amount might likewise bring about issues discovering data, due both to scale and the gate keeping capacity of web search tools, and in deciding the veracity of data they discover. E-campaigns are related to the use of Internet. The Internet encourages contact between people who offer normal investments and helps co-ordinate joint activities. The Internet can possibly challenge conventional political associations in encouraging the structuring of new political and social drives until now frustrated by the absence of a organized mechanical assembly or low assets. Utilization of e-campaign likewise empowers the combining of aggregate characters, at a nearby group level or on a worldwide scale, with the Internet giving the spaces to solidifying and forming social relations around an imparted undertaking The capacity of ICTs to join individuals who offer normal hobbies to get in contact notwithstanding separation or social boundaries can prompt an entire new measurement for governmental issues. Individuals can escape geology through worldwide discussions focused around particular tight diversions. E-campaigns make the communication process easier. Through the use of internet, Email upgrades can be sent routinely to parts, and examination gatherings can be secured to talk about choices. As these political groupings manufacture their association and achieve they are then ready to impact leaders or popular notion case in point, by arranging email campaigns guided at government authorities or legislators. Such devices, the capability of which have been showed in investigations of weight gatherings (Rodgers, 2003), have parallel application inside race crusades. Through ICTs, people can partake more heartily, often and rapidly in the choice making procedure of political gatherings and associations. People can openly or secretly convey their sentiments on parties' stages and express conflicts with parties' methods or just remark on the campaign. Through the process of e-campaign, public get the opportunity to discuss on various political issues. This can be argued that as nationals get to be better educated, and assembled to look for further data, structure groups and captivate with political choices, this can likewise sustain more proactive metro conduct. Those engaged would be characterized as the 'associated individuals', The Internet gives numerous spaces that encourage the trade of data, critique and thoughts between people from distinctive foundations who would presumably never overall take part in joint talks. This empowers the Web to augment and/or revitalize people in general circle, to such an extent that some see it as a novel marketplace. Political parties' utilization of web based interchanges developed gradually throughout the most recent two decades. While gatherings created their first sites in the mid 1990s, the new thousand years saw internet campaigning progressively climb to noticeable quality as a dynamic territory of study and media consideration. Interestingly, this at first developed in Australia at the level of state government: checked by challenged utilization of a political crusade site by the Liberal Party's Jeff Kennett in the 1999 race (Chen, 2013). This site a piece of a customized crusade set the tone for online races in Australia for quite a while: especially in the utilization of particular, time-restricted locales for the race campaign, and a concentrate on the figure of the pioneer. Destinations generally stayed static, data based vaults (Chen, Gibson Geiselhart, 2006: 35), serving as electronic handouts went for wide groups of on look. As various essayists have considered the 2007 crusade (Flew, 2008), the 2009 e-battle is viewed as quickly in this article to give a setting to the examination on political blogging amid that race. The center here is on the two real gatherings the ALP and the Liberal National Party (LNP)and their then pioneers, Anna Bligh and Lawrence Springborg (e.g., Rodrigues, 2009: 10). Both real gatherings utilized multilayered crusading as a part of the 2009 decision. A multilayered battle involves utilizing conventional method for crusading, for example, gathering and welcome constituents, letterbox flyers, and TV publicizing alongside Internet apparatuses, for example, sites, Facebook pages, Youtube, and Twitter to target different gatherings of subjects. Both real gatherings had sites and their pioneers had Facebook pages and Twitters (AAP, 2009; Rodrigues, 2009; Singer, 2009). Various different government officials from both significant gatherings had sites, Facebook pages and online journals. Interestingly, the LNP used pretty nearly $7 million on TV promoting though the ALP used short of what $3million on TV publicizing (Electoral Commission Queensland, 2009; Roberts, 2009). The essentialness the ALP appended to the Internet is clear in Bligh calling the race on Youtube preceding her visit to the Governor to look for a disintegration of parliament. Quite compelling is the route in which Bligh utilized Twitter within conjunction with her up close and personal battling. Various her Tweets identified with the places that she went to, malls specifically, the ALP neighborhood competitors that she fought with (e.g., Rodrigues, 2009: 10), and the constituents whom she met. Hence it could be recommended that Twitter was fundamental piece of the ALP's crusade (Rodriques, 2009), maybe even an expansion of its vis--vis campaign. Anyhow, as Orr (2009) has reminded us, necessary voting was additionally basic. Multilayered campaigning and necessary voting, in this way, were critical in the Queensland ALP's triumph in the 2009 race. There was a further measurement to the 2009 race crusade that had not been seen in any noteworthy degree in past Queensland races; that is, political dissection in websites that picked up a huge profile. It is to one key gathering blog that was made particularly for the 2009 battle that we now turn, Crikey's Pinea pple Party Time (Crikey.com.au, 2014). E-campaigning is becoming very important both the local and general elections. This is one of the most continuous processes which the political parties are adopting to keep the political candidates updated with the political related news. E-campaigns are most significant tool because information can be widespread at low cost with less effort with effective resources. Through e-campaigning the online activities of the candidates are increasing, their web presence is also developing due to the use of social networking sites (Davies and Newman, 2006). E-campaigning can also be increased using social media. This tool provides various ways to present the voters as a real people as it is able to reduce time and distance. Digital media is increasingly becoming pervasive in nature and since it is giving a real-time version it is providing an authenticity. The digital media permits various elites like increasing the interaction, relevant information to the public (Lilleker and Jackson, 2011). The evidence of using social media for e-campaign can be given by discussing Obama presidential campaign. This successful use of social media, text messaging, adverting using search engines, tweets and blog had a critical edge on the data of the voters. This presidential campaign used the micro-target messages were sent to specific user group during that campaign. The Obama campaign utilized the friend power strategy to reach out the maximum audiences so that they can engage the citizens who are not interested in politics and also can be convinced through their friends. Taking into account the online networking sourced data in the crusade database volunteers were given arrangements of a little number of companions or neighbors distinguished as potential Obama voters so that the volunteers could contact them. Purportedly, one in five "companions" reached was convinced to enlist, give, volunteer or vote in favor of Obama (europarl.europa.eu/, 2014). The political crusading reaction to the social employments of innovations is the adaption of the devices of the postmodern battle to fuse advanced correspondence advances. Howard (2006) characterizes this as the hypermedia battle, where correspondence is transferred over an extensive variety of outlets at the same time, and along these lines taking care of the requests of the postmodern media, the day in and day out news, and the worldwide onlinegroup of onlookers (Davis, 2010). Any single thing of substance will be customized for various structures of utilization and dispersed in ways that can be gathered by columnists, supporters or web programs apparently equivalent at numerous correspondence intersections. While there will be an enlightening segment inside correspondence, a scope of intelligent activities are encouraged. Things are made to permit simplicity of imparting to encourage messages becoming a web sensation over the Internet (Boynton, 2009) and can be remarked on what's more adjusted inside the campaigns' environment. The development in adjustment to the hypermedia campaign can be followed through considering the campaigns of Barack Obama, Howard Dean and Segolene Royal and (Lilleker and Vedel, 2013). The historiography of 2004-2008, and the impact of these campaigns following, is educational for seeing how a hypermedia battle looks when executed. The lessons from the Dean crusade, be that as it may, brought another center to consolidating the Internet into political crusades, and specifically considering the profits of the most recent stages. The 2007 French Presidential crusade saw noteworthy advancement in the utilization of ICTs. The possible champ, Nicolas Sarkozy, concentrated on innovative refinement by building his own particular online video site (NSTV) and for some time made the second life Isle de France environment where his presidential style could be tried out. In any case, it was the runner-up in the second round of voting that would best saddle the social networking environment and adjusts to the standards of a hypermedia campaign (Lilleker and Vedel, 2013). Amid the race to win the left vote in cycle one; Segolene Royal first permitted her supporters to help a co-delivered online pronouncement. The Cahiers d'esperance, turned into an image of a more open style both of campaigning and implying a more collectivist presidential guideline. This included contacting those as of now politically dynamic online and bridling them to her battle. The Segosphere was a firmly hyperlinked gathering of weblog creators who pushed her presidential offer and helped a more extensive political open circle that focused on Royal's political stage. The Segosphere, which was made to target more youthful voters, connected together around 14,000 weblogs. This reflected the lowest part up correspondence style of Royal (Vedel and Koc-Michalska 2009), her site urged guests to help examination gatherings and add to her stage. It has been asserted that without Segolene Royal the Obama battle would have been far less creative; Obama's battle was the first to use all pa rts of the online the earth, joining the current political open circle and making his environment. Accordingly, in the same way as Dean and Royal, Obama entered all the spaces where his potential voters may happen crosswise over political data and gave a space where they could captivate with his battle. Clarifications for the utilization of the Internet as a battle apparatus, and especially the coordination of intelligent Web 2.0 time peculiarities and stages into a hypermedia campaign crusade typically concentrate on three components: assets, motivations and introduction(Solanet and Cardinal, 2008) The impetuses measurement identifies with the degree to which the Internet can possibly achieve critical quantities of genuine and potential supporters, an element at times addressed crosswise over generally popular governments. The civil argument proceeds with, nonetheless, in respect to whether physical assets, for example, funds or staff, or the introduction or belief system of the gathering or competitor offer the most illustrative force for having an imaginative online vicinity. Norris and Curtice (2008) argue demand and supply are the key reasons for the impact of internet had been limited so far in changing political as usual. On the demand side, the number of people who use the internet as the source of political information is limited to the most active citizens who are already engaged. Consequently candidate and party adaptation to using the web is one parameter which should be considered within the wider context of voter engagement and politicization. In addition, the issue of voter engagement and participation in the political process relates to the opportunities that parties and candidates usage of the internet are important but the longevity and success of e-campaigning as a rapidly increasing aspect of traditional campaigning depends on its effectiveness on both the supply and demand and thus electoral impact. On the supply side, candidate and party using internet, mainly operation and maintenance which is available in the traditional media, while the interactive potential of the medium is neglected (Europejskie, 2012). In conclusion, as ICT became available political parties and candidates started to use them either as a response to external factors that has led to a domino effect or as effective tools to reach voters, sell policies a mobilize supporters. Most importantly, the internet provided a unique medium for parties to reach voters directly and bypass the traditional mediated modes of communication at a very low cost. Therefore, candidates and political parties as rational actors aiming at maximizing their electoral payoffs responded to challenge and started to use internet and ICT technologies that permitted for the most effective support, voter mobilization and message dissemination. E-Campaigning is becoming significant for both the local and general elections. However, this is an on-going process of adaptation in which political candidates as well as voters play and equally important role. From the evidences above, it can be said that e-campaigning helps the elections to be quick and effe ctive and further help the political parties to reach to their maximum audiences at short time. This is not only the significant tool to use in elections but also a cost-effective tool which can be utilized with less effort to keep the target audiences informed and make the election successful. REFERENCES AAP, (2009). Qld election campaign turns nasty online. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Boynton, G. (2009). Going Viral The Dynamics of Attention. Chen, P. (2013). Chapter 2: Obama-o-rama?; Australian politics in a digital age. ANU E Press, pp.17-27. Crikey.com.au, (2014). Pineapple Party Time QLD election wrap . Davies, P. and Newman, B. (2006). Winning elections with political marketing. New York: Haworth Press. Davis, A. (2010). Political communication and social theory. London: Routledge. Electoral Commission Queensland, (2009). Electoral Commission Queensland. europarl.europa.eu/, (2014). Social media in election campaigning. Europejskie, W. (2012). Europeisation Of Political Rights -Voter Advice Application And Migrant Mobilisation In 2011 UK elections. Agata Dziewulska, p.16. Flew, T. 2008, Not Yet the Internet Election: Online Media, Political Commentary and the 2007 Australian Federal Election, Media International Australia, 126, February Howard, P. (2006). New media campaigns and the managed citizen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lilleker, D. and Vedel, T. (2013). The Internet in Campaigns and Elections. The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies, p.401. Lilleker, D. and Jackson, N. (2011). Political campaigning, elections and the internet. London: Routledge. Norris, P. and Curtice, J. (2008). Getting the message out: a two-step model of the role of the internet in campaign communication flows during the 2005 British general election. Journal of Information Technology Politics, 4(4), pp.3--13. Orr, G. (2010). Should Anna Bligh be grateful for compulsory voting?. Roberts, G. (2009). Billionaire Clive Palmer stokes LNP's $7m spend. Rodrigues, M. (2009). Queensland election 2009. [online] aph.gov.au. Solanet P. A. and Cardenal A. S. (2008). Partidos y Politica en Internet: Un analysis de los websites de los partidos polticos Catalenes , Revista de los Estudios de Derecho y Ciencia Politica de la UOC, IDP, 6, 46-64 Singer, M. (2010). The ugly face of modern politics - Queensland - BrisbaneTimes. Vedel, T. and Michalska, K. (2009). The internet and French political communication in the aftermath of the 2007 presidential election.

How to Tackle the Why NYU Essay Prompt (with Examples!)

Always dreamed of studying in the Big Apple at New York University? You better be able to put those dreams in words and explain why NYU is the choice for you. New York University’s application asks students interested in studying at their university for an additional writing supplement. Specifically, the prompt questions why applicants wish to pursue their study at NYU. Here’s the exact prompt:We would like to know more about your interest in NYU. We are particularly interested in knowing what motivated you to apply to NYU and more specifically, why you have applied or expressed interest in a particular campus, school, college, program, and/or area of study? If you have applied to more than one, please tell us why you are interested in each of the campuses, schools, colleges, or programs to which you have applied. You may be focused or undecided, or simply open to the options within NYUs global network; regardless, we want to understand - Why NYU? (400 word maximum) Don’t be intimidated by the essay prompt. The essay prompt is long with a lot of details and questions, and you only have 400 words to address all those points. Breathe. The essay prompt provides you with these questions and details to help you brainstorm your answer. Many of them overlap and will help you get to the core of why NYU is the best place for you to pursue your interests and studies. Let’s break them down. - NYU Campus: New York University offers 3 degree-granting campuses around the world. Applicants can choose to apply specifically to one of them, or rank them by preference. The 3 locations are in New York, Abu Dhabi and Shanghai. If there is a specific campus you’re applying to, why? What made you decide to choose one over the other two locations? If you prioritized one over the others, what was the motivation behind that? - NYU School or College: On the New York campus, NYU houses 10 schools and colleges, giving prospective students a broad range undergraduate studies they can focus on. Even if you’re undecided on what major you’d like to study, you must choose a specific school or college to apply to. Here are the options: College of Arts and SciencesGallatin School of Individualized StudyLiberal Studies Core Program Meyers College of Nursing School of Professional Studies Silver School of Social Work Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development Stern School of Business Tandon School of Engineering Tisch School of Arts Choosing which school you want to apply to is akin to choosing which field of study you want to pursue. What experiences do you have that led you to choose your specific school? Why are you interested in your chosen field of study? - Focused or Undecided: Are you applying with a specific major or a specific field of study? Or are you undecided? You can choose to expand further on why your interests in a major by linking in your extracurriculars and academics. - NYU’s Global Network: If you are undecided and unsure what you want to study, why is NYU the place to go to help you discover your interests? This will give you the opportunity to dive into what you know about NYU’s student body and campus culture. And, how that aligns with the environment you want to be in. So, how do you tie all these points together in 400 words? Find a focus. Look at the rest of your application, and think what else are you missing from your application that you really want to emphasize. If you’ve already talked about your interest in your chosen major for your personal statement, then maybe there’s something else you want to share. Whatever that focus is you want to highlight, how does it link to NYU? That’s the connection you want to show in this supplemental essay. Here are some examples: 1. Essay Example 1: Studying Sociology at NYU Nyudotedu, New York University ‘19 â€Å"I can think of no better place to study such phenomena than in New York City and at NYU. There are good reasons why the Sociology program at NYU was ranked one of the best by sociology.com. Not only does NYU offer a solid academic foundation, it also provides a place to conduct fieldwork that not many schools can match - namely, New York City. The department also invites speakers that cover diverse topics to show how sociology is applied to different fields of study. I think the seminars offered at NYU will help me see sociology from many different perspectives. Among the seminars offered at NYU last year, I would have definitely attended â€Å"Should We Worry about inequality?† and â€Å"Cultural Durability and Social Change.† If given the chance to attend NYU, I would take advantage of such seminars and workshops to add to my classroom knowledge.† NYU essay excerpt 1 breakdown: In this excerpt of nyudotedu’s NYU supplemental essay, you can see how she demonstrates her interest in sociology, her knowledge of NYU’s sociology curriculum, and her intellectual curiosity. Her focus here is to further explain her chosen major and why she wants to study computer science at NYU. She not only points to NYU†s curriculum for why she wants to study sociology at NYU, but also to the school’s locationNew York City. She makes it clear that there is value for her to be in both NYU and NYC to pursue her studies. Additionally, she gives specific examples of the type of seminars she’d join, thereby showing her continued interest outside of the classroom and knowledge of what NYU offers. She doesn’t go into detail about the courses, because she doesn’t have to. The admissions officers may know and can find out what those courses entail, and judging by the course titles, it’s another subtle opportunity for them to know she is as a student and person. Unlock nyudotedu’s NYU profile to read her full application essays and advice! 2. Essay Example 2: Diversity at NYU Ngozirebecca, New York University ‘19 â€Å"I’ve been in love with you for quite some time now. As a young girl, I would admire you from afar, merely a schoolgirl’s crush, staring open-mouthed at your tall, glittering building and vibrant violet banners. As I grew older, my puppy love grew to look past the superficial and I fell hard. I saw the diversity of your student body, a melting pot of talent and intellect, and the care with which you taught them. When I saw you offered cross-school minors, I realized how dedicated you were to comprehensive education, and when I learned the sheer number of student groups available for participation, I realized that you embraced every one of your student’s passions, no one was a â€Å"freak,† no one was alone. As I approach graduation and prepare to head out into the world on my own, I finally understand: We fit on another.† NYU essay excerpt 2 breakdown: In this excerpt of Ngozirebecca’s â€Å"Why NYU† essay, she points out the reasons why NYU is a good fit for her, whilst being completely transparent with her growth and thought process. She demonstrates a sense of maturity in her essay, as she explains how her love and perspective of NYU has changed as she grew up. She’s able to show off her creative writing style, and share what NYU’s academics and student body can offer her. And, most importantly, what she can offer in return. Unlock Ngozirebecca’s NYU profile to read her full application essays and advice! 3. Essay Example 3: â€Å"NYU is creative and determined† ShaneNYUStern, New York University ‘19 â€Å"â€Å"Are you going to eat all that?† asked another swimmer in the dining hall. â€Å"Yup, one bite at a time,† I told him. That’s how I approach things: consistently with determination and creativity. I have been swimming competitively since I was nine. For the past three years, I wake up at 3:50am and swim nine times a week. I am consistent. I am determined and fierce competitor. This past year, I found an outlet for my creativity. I competed as a member of Virginia DECA and won a state award, advancing to the international level and placing in the top 4-percent. NYU is creative and determined. It consistently produces alumni who are amount the best in their field. I hope someday to be one of them.† NYU essay excerpt 3 breakdown: ShaneNYUStern to share more about himself and his characteristics in his supplemental essay. In this essay excerpt, he highlights his extracurricular achievements, varsity swimmer and DECA winner, what he learned from them, and how that ties in to his interest in studying at NYU. Unlock ShaneNYUStern’s NYU profile to read his full application essays and advice! Hope this was helpful for those of you finishing your NYU applications! Interested in reading these students’ full personal statements in addition to their full responses to the Why NYU supplemental prompt? Unlock all of them in one go with our Why NYU Package!Ourpremium plansoffer different levels of profile access and data insights that can help you get into your dream school. Unlock any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto find specific profiles that can help you make an informed choice about where to apply! We have 60,000+ successfulcollege application filesuploaded by college students. See how they got in, and how you can too!

Sustainable Tourism Development Essay Example

Sustainable Tourism Development Essay Example Sustainable Tourism Development Essay Sustainable Tourism Development Essay 1993). Faced with the dramatic growth in international tourism from the 25 million trips of 1950 (WTO, 1993) to the 531 million of 1994 (WTO, 1995a) and its continued predicted growth (WTO, l995b), the replacement of mass tourism with the sustainable tourism promoted by the two positions was illogical. Being small scale, sustainable tourism lacked the capability (Butler, A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism 227 Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 1990; Cohen, 1987; Cooper et al. , 1993; Fennell Smale, 1992; Pearce, 1992). Sustainable tourism could neither manage the number of arrivals nor replace the economic benefits accrued (Butler, 1992; Cohen, 1987). For Wheeller (1990, l991a, l991b), the idea was a ‘micro solution’ struggling with a ‘macro problem’. Furthermore, this understanding was inward-looking, failing to recognise the importance of other industry sectors and the wider perspective of sustainable development (Hunter, 1995). Indeed, the second pair of positions better demonstrate the influence of the sustainable development landmarks that shaped the concept (for example, IUCN, 1980, 1991; The World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987; the GLOBE ’90 and ’92 conferences; The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development with Agenda 21). Other criticisms concerned issues such as elitism (Cazes, 1989; Richter, 1987), the problems of ensuring local ownership and control (Cater, 1992), and inbalances in power (Wheeller, 1990, l991a, l991b). Butler (1990) argued that the approach to sustainable tourism portrayed a static picture of impacts. The revision of features related to time and process produced a less flattering scenario (Butler, 1990). For example, the more intense contact between host and guest over a longer duration resulted in greater damage to the fragile host culture than was readily apparent in the ‘good’ versus ‘bad’ tables. The emergence of these tables was partly a response to an over-simplistic interpretation of Krippendorf’s work (1982, 1987). Krippendorf (1987) was not opposed to mass tourism as long as it progressed towards ‘harmonious’ tourism. In fact, he urged that: only if we succeed in living with tourism as a mass phenomenon, ? , can we claim to have made a decisive step forward, (Krippendorf, 1982: 111, author’s emphasis) an assertion often overlooked by proponents of a polar opposite or continuum approach. The third position of movement Criticisms of the earlier understandings of sustainable tourism, coupled with a closer alignment to sustainable development, resulted in the demand to change mass tourism to more sustainable forms (see, for example, Bramwell, 1991; Butler, 1990, 1991; Cohen, 1987; De Kadt, 1990; GLOBE, 1990; EIU, 1992). If the main problem of modern tourism is that of its huge number, (Krippendorf, 1987: 42, author’s emphasis) then mass tourism was the most visible and sensible candidate for initial reform. The sustainable tourism as understood under movement differed from the earlier definitions of sustainable tourism on three key dimensions: Â · The issue of scale became more objective and less emotive. Mass tourism became the subject for improvement, rather than the derided villain. Â · Sustainable tourism became the goal for attainment, rather than the possession of an existing scale of tourism. Operationalising current knowledge to move towards the goal became the 228 Journal of Sustainable Tourism (’mass tourism’) Large scale tourism Sustainable Tourism Goal Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 Figure 3 Position 3: movement practical focus of effort, rather than the ‘is it or isn’t it sustainable tourism’ debate of previous years. F igure 3 illustrates the understanding of sustainable tourism by movement advocates. As a label, large scale tourism is preferred to mass tourism, for it sheds the negative connotations. Viewed objectively, large scale tourism possesses strengths which could be used to advantage: Â · The environment is attacked by other industries, such as mining and manufacturing (EIU, 1992; McKercher, 1993), and tourism is dependent on environmental quality. The tourism industry must protect its assets; size is important, as large players exert pressure through lobbying power. Â · Large scale operators have the marketing and communication skills, plus contact opportunities in bulk, to actively foster interest in sustainable tourism amongst the millions of consumers who purchase their products. Large size confers influence over suppliers and distributors, which could be used as a persuasive force for the introduction of sustainable policies along the supply chain. Of course, there are less altruistic reasons for large scale tourism to instigate movement towards the sustainable tourism goal. The imposition of environmental regulatory control by governments grappling with world prob lems of acid rain, ozone layer depletion and global warming require a minimum response of compliance. From the demand side, the rise of consumer interest in green issues (see ETB, 1992a, 1992b; Green, 1990) provides the classic incentive of consumer needs. The interest expressed by consumers through financial institutions in environmental practices is a further motive. There are over thirty an ag em en im ts pa ct ys -e as nv ses tem iro nm s s re ent men use t al Guid , re au eline cyc di s for le, red t susta uce inab le to urism Equity Company/organisation focus ta lm s pac im cts al pa lob G im al sic y ph al/ gic olo Ec (’sustainable tourism’) Small scale tourism iro nm en En v -e nv iro nm e nt al A Framework of Approaches to Sustainable Tourism 229 Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 environmental or ethical funds in the United Kingdom, representing approximately ? 750 million of investment; according to independent financial advisors Holden Meehan (1994), the idea of ‘profit with principle’ has moved from the fringe to the mains tream. Investors are stakeholders requiring satisfaction. There are many examples of large scale tourism proactively moving towards the goal of sustainable tourism (see Middleton Hawkins, 1993, 1994; WTTERC, 1991–1994). British Airways was one of the first tourism companies to publish an environmental report (British Airways, 1991), the International Hotels Environment Initiative was a sector-specific project (Van Praag, 1992), whilst the ‘Green Globe’ programme was targeted across the tourism sectors (WTTERC, 1994). The World Travel Tourism Council, a coalition of Chief Executive Officers from international tourism companies, established the World Travel Tourism Environment Research Centre (WTTERC) to monitor, assess and communicate objectives, strategies and action programmes in respect of environmental management (WTTERC, 1992). Over one hundred guidelines and codes of practice relating to tourism were identified (WTTERC, 1993); the environmental guidelines of the WTTERC itself provide a useful synopsis of the large scale understanding of sustainable tourism (WTTERC, 1992). As Figure 3 demonstrates, the focus of this approach is on the physical/ecological environment, with an emphasis on environmental management systems, incorporating techniques such as environmental audits of products, processes and issues, and environmental impact assessments. The fourth position of convergence The framework culminates in a position of convergence (see Figure 4). This position represents the latest understanding of sustainable tourism as a goal that all tourism, regardless of scale, must strive to achieve (see, for example, Inskeep, 1991). Accepting that the concept of sustainable tourism is still evolving, the absence of a precise goal definition is less important than general movement in the correct direction. Appreciating the wider role of sustainable development, this final position recognises two interpretations of sustainable tourism. The large scale interpretation of sustainable tourism (as portrayed in position three) has a dominantly physical/ecological perspective expressed as a business orientation. The small scale interpretation of sustainable tourism offers a social slant from a local or destination platform. It is akin to the understanding of sustainable tourism as alternative tourism under position one, except for the crucial recognition of the concept as a goal rather than a possession. Both interpretations: Â · focus on the implementation of their current knowledge of sustainable tourism to move towards the ultimate goal of sustainability; Â · seek future progress towards the desired goal through the twin processes of further development of ideas inherent in their own interpretation and by adaptation of ideas found in the other. Together, this results in convergence towards the goal of sustainable tourism. For example, in this quest, large scale tourism is experimenting with techniques for inducing shifts in tourist behaviour compatible with environmentallyfriendly travel, an educational component instigated by the small scale enterprises. Thomsons now provide environmental guidelines for guests; TUI 230 Journal of Sustainable Tourism Downloaded by [113. 210. 1. 106] at 07:28 22 March 2013 Large scale tourism al nm vi ro En Figure 4 Position 4: convergence ave produced an environment ranking for products featured in all their mainstream Euro-brochures. In turn, small scale enterprises are learning about the development of effective environmental management systems, originally the territory of large scale organisations. In the UK, the environmental audit was promoted for small scale concerns by the West Country Tourist Board’s (1993) ‘Green Audit Kit’; the project was then taken nationwide . In addition, by embracing sustainable development, both interpretations are receptive to further ideas generated from outside the tourism sector. Like large scale tourism (see position three), the small scale interpretation of sustainable tourism has produced guidelines and codes of good practice (see, for example, ETB, 1991; Countryside Commission, 1991; Green, 1990), established destination-based projects (for example, the Devon-based Tarka Project) and offered and disseminated advice to interested parties (ETB, 1992a, 1992b, 1993). -e nv iro nm en ta l en t im g olo Ec m an ag em y ph al/ ic al sic en ts pa ct ys -e as nv s e s te m ir o nm sm s re en use tal ent Guid , re au eline cyc s for le, r dit sust edu aina ce ble t ouri sm Equity Company/organisation focus ba Gl p l im s act p im Sustainable Tourism Goal ts ac Local area identity focus Equity Guid e Loc lines for al c sust ont aina Ed rol ble t uc ouri ati To sm on u of Au ris hos tc th t/to e n ha r uri tic act st ity eri s ti cs s act ts mp pac y al i rit ultur l im a c teg loc In o cial/ tion/ a S stin De Small scale tourism A Framework of Approaches to Sustain able Tourism 231 The completed framework Taken as a whole, the framework both structures and partially explains some of the conflicts and debates that have occurred in sustainable tourism. 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Naturopa 59, 25–7. Valentine, P. S. (1993) Ecotourism and nature conservation. Tourism Management 14 (2), 107–15. Van Praag, H. J. (1992) Industrial leadership: A practical example in the hotel industry. Tourism and the Environment: Challenges and Choices for the 90s, November, 62–66. West Country Tourist Board (1993) Green Audit Kit. Exeter: WCTB. Wheeller, B. (1990) Is sustainable tourism appropriate? In F. Howie (ed. ) The Proceedings of the Sustainable Tourism Development Conference. Edinburgh, Queen Margaret College, November. Wheeller, B. (199la) Is progressive tourism appropriate? Tourism and Hospitality Management: Established Disciplines or Ten Year Wonders? Guildford: University of Surrey. Wheeller, B. (199lb) Tourism’s troubled times: Responsible tourism is not the answer. Tourism Management 12 (2), 91–6. Wight, P. (1995) Sustainable ecotourism: Balancing economic, environmental and social goals within an ethical framework. Tourism Recreation Research 20 (1), 5–13. 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